Hindu Editorial Analysis : 13-May-2023

Nuclear energy, derived from the atom’s nucleus, has been a topic of debate regarding its relevance in a fossil-free future, particularly in India. This essay aims to explore the concept of nuclear energy, its current status in India, global scenarios of nuclear power generation, and the advantages and challenges associated with it.

What is Nuclear Energy?

Nuclear energy is obtained from the nucleus, or core, of an atom. It can be harnessed through nuclear fission or nuclear fusion reactions. In nuclear fission, uranium is used as fuel, causing atoms to split, releasing energy in the form of heat. The generated heat boils water, producing steam that spins turbines and generates electricity.

Nuclear Power Generation India’s Nuclear Power:

Currently, India operates 22 nuclear reactors under the state-owned Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL). Nuclear power contributes to 3% of India’s total electricity generation. The government aims to triple the nuclear-installed capacity by 2032, increasing the current capacity from 6,780 MW to 22,480 MW.

Global Scenario of Nuclear Power Generation:

Nuclear energy provides approximately 10% of the world’s electricity through around 440 power reactors. It is the second-largest low-carbon power source, accounting for 26% of the total in 2020. More than 50 countries utilize nuclear energy in research reactors, serving various purposes such as isotope production, medical applications, industrial use, and training.

Advantages of Nuclear Power
  1. Efficient Power Supplier:
    • Nuclear power has higher energy density, requiring less fuel compared to coal or natural gas plants.
    • Suitable for space missions due to its compactness.
  2. Co-existence with other power sources:
    • Nuclear power provides firm, dispatchable power, complementing intermittent renewable sources like wind and solar.
  3. Efficiency of newer machines:
    • Modern nuclear designs incorporate safety features that prevent accidents like Chernobyl.
    • Advanced cooling systems ensure temperature control and waste-heat management even during power failures.
  4. Advantage over coal-based thermal power plants:
    • Nuclear power saves 41 million tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions annually in India compared to coal-based thermal power generation.
    • Reduces the environmental impact caused by ash waste from coal plants.
Challenges of Nuclear Power
  1. Construction Costs and Delays:
    • Nuclear power plant construction involves significant capital costs and long lead times, discouraging stakeholders.
    • Licensing, regulatory approvals, and construction delays further hinder public interest.
  2. Environmental Impact:
    • Uranium mining, a necessary process for nuclear energy, has detrimental effects on the environment.
    • Batteries required for reactors are expensive and have environmental implications.
  3. Generation of Radioactive Waste:
    • While nuclear energy generation produces no emissions, it generates radioactive waste that must be stored securely to prevent environmental pollution.
    • Radioactive waste from nuclear plants poses hazards, necessitating proper management.
  4. Safety Concerns:
    • Resistance to nuclear energy arises from safety concerns, nuclear proliferation, and other factors.
    • Germany serves as an example, having shut down its nuclear power plants as part of a planned transition to renewable energy.
Why In News

Amidst the transition towards a fossil-free future, there is a growing debate surrounding the continued relevance of nuclear power, considering its associated challenges of cost and safety, specifically in the Indian context. Evaluating the viability of nuclear power in India’s sustainable energy mix necessitates a careful examination of the potential benefits, risks, and the availability of alternative renewable energy sources to meet the nation’s growing energy demands.

MCQs about Nuclear Power

  1. What is the primary advantage of nuclear power compared to other energy sources?
    A. Higher energy density
    B. Lower construction costs
    C. Lesser environmental impact
    D. More abundant fuel supply
    Correct Answer: A. Higher energy density
    Explanation: Nuclear power has higher energy density, requiring less fuel compared to other sources like coal or natural gas. This makes it an efficient power supplier.
  2. What is one of the challenges associated with nuclear power?
    A. Limited availability of uranium
    B. High emissions of greenhouse gases
    C. Cost-effectiveness in construction
    D. Inconsistency in power generation
    Correct Answer: C. Cost-effectiveness in construction
    Explanation: Building a nuclear power plant involves high capital costs, long lead times, and construction delays, which deter public interest.
  3. Which country has shut down its remaining nuclear power plants as part of a transition to renewable energy?
    A. India
    B. China
    C. Germany
    D. United States
    Correct Answer: C. Germany
    Explanation: Germany has switched off its three remaining nuclear power plants as part of a long-planned transition toward renewable energy.

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