Hindu Editorial Analysis : 2-August-2024
Recently, a two-judge Bench of the Supreme Court of India issued a split verdict regarding the cultivation of Genetically Modified (GM) mustard. This decision has sparked significant discussion about the implications of GM crops for farmers, consumers, and the environment.
Understanding Genetically Modified Crops
Genetically modified crops are plants that have had their genetic material changed intentionally. This modification is done using specific DNA sequences to enhance traits like:
- Pest Resistance: Crops are engineered to withstand pest attacks.
- Environmental Tolerance: Some can endure harsh conditions like drought or extreme heat.
- Improved Yield: These crops generally produce more than non-GM varieties.
Techniques Used in Modification
Scientists utilize various methods to introduce new genes into crops, including:
- Agrobacterium-mediated Transformation: A common technique using bacteria to insert genes.
- Particle Bombardment: This method uses tiny particles to deliver genes into plant cells.
Advantages of GM Crops
GM crops offer several benefits, including:
- Reduced Waste: Higher yields lead to less food waste.
- Less Dependence on Pesticides: Many GM crops are pest-resistant, decreasing the need for chemical pesticides.
- Abiotic Stress Tolerance: These crops can survive extreme weather conditions.
Global and Indian Context
Worldwide, countries like the USA, Brazil, and Argentina lead in GM crop cultivation, growing major crops like soybean, maize, and cotton. In India, the introduction of GM crops began with Bt cotton in 2002-03. Recently, the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) approved the commercial cultivation of GM mustard varieties.
Regulatory Framework in India
India has a comprehensive regulatory system for GM crops. The GEAC, under the Ministry of Environment, assesses GM organisms for safety regarding health and the environment. Key regulations include:
- Manufacturing and Storage Rules: Govern the use of hazardous genetically engineered organisms.
- Approval Processes: Several committees ensure rigorous testing and monitoring of GM crops.
Key Regulatory Bodies
- Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee (RDAC): Oversees national biotechnology developments.
- Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBSC): Approves low-risk experiments.
- Review Committee on Genetic Manipulation (RCGM): Reviews high-risk projects.
- Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC): Approves large-scale GM crop use.
Public Concerns and Debates
The introduction of GM crops raises several concerns:
- Cross-Pollination Risks: There is worry about GM crops mixing with non-GM varieties.
- Antibiotic Resistance: Some GM crops use antibiotic resistance genes, which could transfer to environmental bacteria.
- Food Safety: Ensuring GM crops do not introduce allergens is critical.
Despite scientific evidence supporting their safety, public skepticism remains. Continuous research and open communication are essential to address these concerns.
Case Study: Dhara Mustard Hybrid-11 (DMH-11)
The mustard variety DMH-11 was developed at Delhi University and has shown potential in trials conducted by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). However, environmentalists have criticized it for being herbicide-tolerant, raising fears about dependence on specific pesticides.
Supreme Court’s Stance
The Supreme Court judges had differing views on the GEAC’s approval process. One judge expressed concern over the precautionary principle, suggesting a need for thorough assessment before approving GM crops. The other judge appeared satisfied with the existing processes. The case will now be reviewed by a larger bench.
Why In News
Recently, a two-judge Bench of the Supreme Court of India delivered a split verdict on the question of allowing Genetically Modified (GM) mustard in farmer fields, highlighting the ongoing debate about the safety and implications of introducing such crops into the agricultural landscape.
MCQs about The Debate on Genetically Modified Mustard in India
- What is the primary goal of genetically modifying crops?
A. To increase pesticide use
B. To enhance desirable traits
C. To reduce crop diversity
D. To eliminate all farming techniques
- Which regulatory body in India is responsible for assessing the safety of GM crops?
A. Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBSC)
B. Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC)
C. Review Committee on Genetic Manipulation (RCGM)
D. Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee (RDAC)
- What concern do environmentalists have regarding the Dhara Mustard Hybrid-11 (DMH-11)?
A. It has lower yield potential.
B. It promotes biodiversity.
C. It is herbicide-tolerant, leading to pesticide dependence.
D. It has no safety regulations.
- What was the Supreme Court’s stance on the approval process for GM crops?
A. Complete support for the current process
B. Concerns over the precautionary principle
C. No opinion expressed
D. Immediate ban on all GM crops
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